Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages.

• Algol W
• Modula
• Modula-2 (and Modula 3, etc. variants)
  • Obliq Modula 3 variant
• Oberon (Oberon and Oberon-2)
  • Component Pascal
  • Lagoona
  • Seneca
• Pascal
  • Object Pascal (original name for Borland Delphi language)

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These are languages based on or that operate on XML. Although the big-boy equivalents of Oracle/PostgreSQL/MSSQL don’t yet exist for XML, there are languages to navigate through it and its more tree-oriented structure.

• Ant
• ECMAScript E4X
• Jelly
• XPath
• XQuery
• XSLT
• Cω

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Synchronous programming languages are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called realtime systems, and are found often in embedded uses. Examples:

• Argos
• Averest
• Esterel
• LEA
• Lustre
• Signal
• SyncCharts

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• GNU bison (FSF’s version of Yacc)
• GNU Flex (FSF’s version of Lex)
• lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
• M4
• yacc (yet another compiler compiler, from Bell Labs)
• javacc
• Coco/R (EBNF with semantics)

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Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types.

• CODE
• Eiffel (program design from BON or UML diagrams, with back-and-forth facilities (round-trip engineering) through EiffelStudio)
• Fabrik
• Hyperpascal
• LabVIEW
• Lava
• Limnor
• Mindscript — software visualization and development environment, open source
• Max
• Pict
• Prograph
• Pure Data
• Quartz Composer
• Scratch programming language written in and based on Squeak a version of Smalltalk
• Simulink
• Spreadsheets
• Subtext
• Tinkertoy
• VEE
• VisSim
• VVVV
• NXT-G

Some dataflow programming languages are also visual languages.

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