Computerzworld

Stack-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the stack data structure.

• Cat
• colorForth
• Forth
• Factor
• Poplog via its implementation language POP-11
• PostScript
• RPL
• Urq

Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set will be selected and the statements belonging to those rules will be executed. Examples of rule-based languages include:

• Clips
• Constraint Handling Rules
• Jess
• OPS5
• Prolog

“Scripting language” has two apparently different, but in fact similar meanings. In a traditional sense, scripting languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs. Many complex application programs allow users to implement custom functions by providing them with built-in languages. Those which are of interpretive type, are often called scripting languages.

More recently many of these applications have chosen to “build in” traditional scripting languages, such as Perl or Visual Basic, but there are quite a few “native” scripting languages still in use. Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and then this (usually) platform independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to Java).

• awk
• AppleScript
• BeanShell
• Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
• CLIST
• ColdFusion
• ECMAScript
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
  • JScript
• EXEC
• EXEC 2
• F-Script
• Falcon
• Frink
• Game Maker Language (GML)
• ICI
• Io
• JASS
• Java
  • Groovy
  • Join Java
• Lua
• MAXScript
• MEL
• Mondrian
• Perl
• PHP (intended for Web servers)
• Pikt
• Python
• REXX
• Ruby
• Smalltalk
• S-Lang
• sed
• Tcl
• TorqueScript
• Revolution
• VBScript
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
• Many shell command languages such as the UNIX shell or DCL on VMS have powerful scripting capabilities.

Reflective languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection:

• Aspect-oriented
• ASTL
• Befunge
• ChucK
• Cobra
• Curl
• ECMAScript
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript
  • JScript
• Eiffel
• Forth
• Java
  • Java Virtual Machine
  • Groovy
  • Join Java
  • X10
• Maple
• Lisp
  • Common Lisp
  • Dylan
  • Logo
  • Scheme
• Lua
• Maude system
• .NET Common Language Runtime
• Objective-C
• Objective Modula-2
• Perl
• PHP
• Pico
• Pliant
• Poplog
  • POP-11
• Prolog
• Python
• REBOL
• Ruby
• Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
  • Bistro
  • F-Script
  • Little Smalltalk
  • Self
  • Squeak
  • VisualAge
  • VisualWorks
• Snobol
• Tcl
  • XOTcl
• XL

Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range of an executable code statement). A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:

• Ada (multi-purpose language)
• ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
  • SMALL Machine Algol Like Language
• ASTL
• BASIC (BASICs are innocent of most modularity in (especially) versions prior to about 1990)
• BLISS
• C
• C++ (C with objects + much else)
• C# (similar to Java/C++)
• ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
• COBOL
• Cobra
• ColdFusion
• Component Pascal (an Oberon-2 variant)
• Curl
• D
• DASL
• Delphi
• eC (Ecere C)
• ECMAScript
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
  • JScript
• Eiffel
• Fortran (better modularity in later Standards)
  • F
• FPC Pascal (Pascal dialect)
• HyperTalk
• Java
  • Groovy
  • Join Java
• JOVIAL
• Lasso
• Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules)
• Oberon-1 and Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
  • Component Pascal
  • Lagoona
  • Seneca
• MATLAB
• M (more modular in its first release than a language of the time should have been; the standard has become still more modular since then)
• Nemerle
• Occam
• Pascal (successor to Algol60 and predecessor of Modula-2)
  • Object Pascal
• Perl
• PL/C
• PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
• Python
• Rapira
• RPG (only available in IBM’s System i midrange computers)
• S-Lang
• VBScript
• Visual Basic
• Visual Foxpro
• XL